How Operational Parameters Affect Electromethanogenesis in a Bioelectrochemical Power-to-Gas Prototype

Bioelectrochemical power-to-gas represents a novel solution for electrical energy storage, currently under development. It allows storing renewable energy surplus in the form of methane (CH₄), while treating wastewater, therefore bridging the electricity and natural gas (and wastewater) grids. The technology can be coupled with membrane contactors for carbon dioxide (CO₂) capture, dissolving the CO₂ in wastewater before feeding it to the bioelectrochemical system. This way, the integrated system can achieve simultaneous carbon capture and energy storage objectives, in the scenario of a wastewater treatment plant application. In this study, such technology was developed in a medium-scale prototype (32 L volume), which was operated for 400 days in different conditions of temperature, voltage and CO₂ capture rate. The prototype achieved the highest CH₄ production rate (147 ± 33 L m^–3 d^–1) at the lowest specific energy consumption (1.0 ± 0.3 kWh m^–3 CH₄) when operated at 25°C and applying a voltage of 0.7 V, while capturing and converting 22 L m^–3 d^–1 of CO₂. The produced biogas was nearer to biomethane quality (CH₄ > 90% v/v) when CO₂ was not injected in the wastewater. Traces of hydrogen (H₂) in the biogas, detectable during the periods of closed electrical circuit operation, indicated that hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis was taking place at the cathode. On the other hand, a relevant CH₄ production during the periods of open electrical circuit operation confirmed the presence of acetoclastic methanogenic microorganisms in the microbial community, which was dominated by the archaeal genus Methanothrix (Euryarchaeota). Different operational taxonomic units belonging to the bacterial Synergistes phylum were found at the anode and the cathode, having a potential role in organic matter degradation and H₂ production, respectively. In the panorama of methanation technologies currently available for power-to-gas, the performances of this bioelectrochemical prototype are not yet competitive, especially in terms of volumetric CH₄ production rate and power density demand. However, the possibility to obtain a high-quality biogas (almost reaching biomethane quality standards) at a minimal energy consumption represents a potentially favorable business scenario for this technology.