Data_Sheet_1_Predictors of Prenatal Depression: A Cross-Sectional Study in Rural Pakistan.pdf
Objective: To determine the prevalence and association of prenatal depression with socioeconomic, demographic and personal factors among pregnant women living in Kallar Syedan, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
Methods: Five hundred women in the second and third trimester of pregnancy, living in Kallar Syedan, a rural area of district Rawalpindi Pakistan, were included in the study. Depression was assessed using “Patient health questionnaire” (PHQ9) in Urdu, with a cut-off score of 10. Multi-dimensional scale of perceived social support (MSPSS) was used to assess perceived social support. Life Events and Difficulties Schedule (LEDS) were used to measure stressful life events in past 1 year. Tool to assess intimate partner violence (IPV) was based on WHO Multi Country Study on “Women's Health and Domestic Violence against Women.”
Results: Prevalence of prenatal depression was found to be 27%. Number of pregnancies was significantly associated with prenatal depression (p < 0.01). Women living in a joint family and those who perceived themselves as moderately satisfied or not satisfied with their life in the next 4 years were found to be depressed (p < 0.01, OR 6.9, CI 1.77–26.73). Depressive symptomatology in women who experienced more than five stressful life events in last 1 year was three times higher (p < 0.001, OR 3.2, CI 1.68–5.98) than in women with 1–2 stressful events. Women who were supported by their significant others or their family members had 0.9 times (p < 0.01, OR 0.9, CI 0.85–0.96) less chance of getting depressed. Pregnant women who were psychologically abused by their partners were 1.5 times more depressed (p < 0.05 CI 1.12–2.51). Odds of having depression was also high in women who had less mean score of MSSI (p < 0.05, OR 1.1, CI 1.01–1.09). Women who had suitable accommodation had 0.5 times less chance of having depression than others (p < 0.05, OR 0.5, CI 0.27–0.92).
Conclusion: Over a quarter of the women in the study population reported prenatal depression, which were predicted predominantly by psychosocial variables.
History
References
- https://doi.org//10.1080/02646830903190904
- https://doi.org//10.1080/07370010802221727
- https://doi.org//10.1192/bjp.bp.113.129486
- https://doi.org//10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.03.019
- https://doi.org//10.1177/146642400512500514
- https://doi.org//10.1016/j.jad.2015.11.014
- https://doi.org//10.1016/j.metabol.2005.01.014
- https://doi.org//10.1111/birt.12535
- https://doi.org//10.1371/journal.pone.0012942
- https://doi.org//10.1097/01.AOG.0000265352.61822.1b
- https://doi.org//10.1186/1471-244X-8-24
- https://doi.org//10.1001/archpsyc.1986.01800060063008
- https://doi.org//10.1371/journal.pone.0172540
- https://doi.org//10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.04.025
- https://doi.org//10.1016/j.appet.2009.06.001
- https://doi.org//10.1016/j.midw.2017.02.002
- https://doi.org//10.1016/S0968-8080%2810%2936533-5
- https://doi.org//10.2105/AJPH.2012.300723
- https://doi.org//10.1177/1524838007304406
- https://doi.org//10.1016/S0140-6736%2806%2969523-8
- https://doi.org//10.1089/jwh.2014.4872
- https://doi.org//10.1017/S0033291700001707
- https://doi.org//10.1111/1751-486X.12024
- https://doi.org//10.1080/17441730.2010.494437
- https://doi.org//10.1007/s40471-017-0107-y
- https://doi.org//10.1007/s10995-014-1479-y
- https://doi.org//10.2471/BLT.11.091850
- https://doi.org//10.1186/s12905-015-0225-y
- https://doi.org//10.1016/S0140-6736%2808%2961400-2
- https://doi.org//10.1007/s00737-007-0193-9
- https://doi.org//10.1017/S0033291703008286
- https://doi.org//10.1017/S0033291707002334
- https://doi.org//10.7717/peerj.5185
- https://doi.org//10.1016/j.jad.2014.03.028
- https://doi.org//10.1186/s13063-015-1063-9
- https://doi.org//10.1503/cmaj.110829
- https://doi.org//10.1080/00223891.1990.9674095
- https://doi.org//10.1111/j.1447-0756.2010.01204.x
- https://doi.org//10.1177/1073191104269954
- https://doi.org//10.4306/pi.2008.5.3.163
- https://doi.org//10.1002/jts.20062
- https://doi.org//10.1016/S0140-6736%2808%2960522-X
- https://doi.org//10.2307/1937887
- https://doi.org//10.2307/1923926
- https://doi.org//10.1100/2012/653098
- https://doi.org//10.1007/s00737-011-0233-3
- https://doi.org//10.1111/j.1758-5872.2009.00028.x
- https://doi.org//10.1177/0020764008094645
- https://doi.org//10.1080/07399330701334562
- https://doi.org//10.22442/jlumhs.06530098
- https://doi.org//10.1080/07399332.2013.817411
- https://doi.org//10.1016/j.ijgo.2015.10.007
- https://doi.org//10.1080/07399332.2013.794462
- https://doi.org//10.1007/s10995-010-0595-6
- https://doi.org//10.1002/da.20221
- https://doi.org//10.1016/j.midw.2015.02.009
- https://doi.org//10.1186/1471-2393-13-135
- https://doi.org//10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.05.019
- https://doi.org//10.1016/j.ijgo.2007.11.015
- https://doi.org//10.1016/j.jad.2012.02.009