DataSheet_1_Microbial respiration in contrasting ocean provinces via high-frequency optode assays.pdf

Microbial respiration is a critical component of the marine carbon cycle, determining the proportion of fixed carbon that is subject to remineralization as opposed to being available for export to the ocean depths. Despite its importance, methodological constraints have led to an inadequate understanding of this process, especially in low-activity oligotrophic and mesopelagic regions. Here, we quantify respiration rates as low as 0.2 µmol O₂ L^-1 d^-1 in contrasting ocean productivity provinces using oxygen optode sensors to identify size-fractionated respiration trends. In the low productivity region of the North Pacific Ocean at Station Papa, surface whole water microbial respiration was relatively stable at 1.2 µmol O₂ L^-1 d^-1. Below the surface, there was a decoupling between respiration and bacterial production that coincided with increased phytodetritus and small phytoplankton. Size-fractionated analysis revealed that cells <5 µm were responsible for the majority of the respiration in the Pacific, both at the surface and below the mixed layer. At the North Atlantic Porcupine Abyssal Plain, surface whole water microbial respiration was higher (1.7 µmol O₂ L^-1 d^-1) than in the Pacific and decreased by 3-fold below the euphotic zone. The Atlantic size-fraction contributions to total respiration shifted on the order of days during the evolution of a phytoplankton bloom with regular storm disturbances. The high-resolution optode method used in the Atlantic captured these significant shifts and is consistent with coinciding stain-based respiration methods and historical site estimates. This study highlights the dynamic nature of respiration across vertical, temporal, and size-fractionated factors, emphasizing the need for sensitive, high-throughput techniques to better understand ocean ecosystem metabolism.