DataSheet1_The interactive feedback mechanisms between terrestrial water storage and vegetation in the Tibetan Plateau.docx

A component of terrestrial water storage, vegetation is also an influential driver of changes in terrestrial water storage. In the context of warming on the Tibetan Plateau, it is essential to explore the relationship between changes in terrestrial water storage and vegetation in this region to understand further the role of vegetation in the changes of water systems in alpine mountains. Our study combines terrestrial water storage anomalies data and vegetation indices to determine how their interact. The results indicate a warming rate of 0.44°C/decade (p<0.01) over the Tibetan Plateau from 1980–2020, while evapotranspiration trended upward (12.9 mm/decade, p<0.01), which is slower than precipitation (15 mm/decade, p<0.01). On the Tibetan Plateau, spatial-temporal differences in temperature, precipitation, and evapotranspiration dominate the variations in terrestrial water storage. The change in terrestrial water storage was relatively stable from 2003 to 2011, but decreased from 2012 to 2016. Terrestrial water storage increased in endorheic basins while decreasing in exorheic basins. Partial correlation analysis indicates a negative correlation between the terrestrial water storage anomaly and the temperature. It is found that terrestrial water storage and net precipitation are positively correlated in the Yangtze River Basin and the northeast of the endorheic basins. However, the Qaidam Basin and the north part of the Yellow River Basin are negatively correlated. Under the current climate change state (the increased rate of precipitation is faster than actual evapotranspiration), vegetation change has an insignificant impact on the changes in terrestrial water storage. In contrast, changes in terrestrial water storage (surplus/deficit) significantly affect vegetation changes (greening/browning) in parts of the Tibetan Plateau. The study contributes to a deeper understanding of the relationship between water system changes and vegetation on the Tibetan Plateau.