10.3389/fmicb.2018.01453.s005
Sebastiaan J. van Hal
Sebastiaan
J. van Hal
Eike J. Steinig
Eike J.
Steinig
Patiyan Andersson
Patiyan
Andersson
Matthew T. G. Holden
Matthew
T. G. Holden
Simon R. Harris
Simon
R. Harris
Graeme R. Nimmo
Graeme
R. Nimmo
Deborah A. Williamson
Deborah
A. Williamson
Helen Heffernan
Helen
Heffernan
S. R. Ritchie
S. R.
Ritchie
Angela M. Kearns
Angela
M. Kearns
Matthew J. Ellington
Matthew
J. Ellington
Elizabeth Dickson
Elizabeth
Dickson
Herminia de Lencastre
Herminia
de Lencastre
Geoffrey W. Coombs
Geoffrey
W. Coombs
Stephen D. Bentley
Stephen
D. Bentley
Julian Parkhill
Julian
Parkhill
Deborah C. Holt
Deborah
C. Holt
Phillip M. Giffard
Phillip M.
Giffard
Steven Y. C. Tong
Steven
Y. C. Tong
Image_5_Global Scale Dissemination of ST93: A Divergent Staphylococcus aureus Epidemic Lineage That Has Recently Emerged From Remote Northern Australia.PDF
Frontiers
2018
Staphylococcus aureus
MRSA
community-associated
ST93
evolution
Aboriginal
Indigenous
2018-07-09 12:49:15
Figure
https://frontiersin.figshare.com/articles/figure/Image_5_Global_Scale_Dissemination_of_ST93_A_Divergent_Staphylococcus_aureus_Epidemic_Lineage_That_Has_Recently_Emerged_From_Remote_Northern_Australia_PDF/6791735
<p>Background: In Australia, community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) lineage sequence type (ST) 93 has rapidly risen to dominance since being described in the early 1990s. We examined 459 ST93 genome sequences from Australia, New Zealand, Samoa, and Europe to investigate the evolutionary history of ST93, its emergence in Australia and subsequent spread overseas.</p><p>Results: Comparisons with other S. aureus genomes indicate that ST93 is an early diverging and recombinant lineage, comprising of segments from the ST59/ST121 lineage and from a divergent but currently unsampled Staphylococcal population. However, within extant ST93 strains limited genetic diversity was apparent with the most recent common ancestor dated to 1977 (95% highest posterior density 1973–1981). An epidemic ST93 population arose from a methicillin-susceptible progenitor in remote Northern Australia, which has a proportionally large Indigenous population, with documented overcrowded housing and a high burden of skin infection. Methicillin-resistance was acquired three times in these regions, with a clade harboring a staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) IVa expanding and spreading to Australia’s east coast by 2000. We observed sporadic and non-sustained introductions of ST93-MRSA-IVa to the United Kingdom. In contrast, in New Zealand, ST93-MRSA-IVa was sustainably transmitted with clonal expansion within the Pacific Islander population, who experience similar disadvantages as Australian Indigenous populations.</p><p>Conclusion: ST93 has a highly recombinant genome including portions derived from an early diverging S. aureus population. Our findings highlight the need to understand host population factors in the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistant community pathogens.</p>